A Roman Revolution Essay Example for Free

A Roman Revolution Essay ? It was May 30, 1347.  Ã‚   The city was once at the center of the world, and varying nations vied to pay homage.  Ã‚   Since that time, however, its institutions, its buildings, and its very name seem to have been forgotten by time.  Ã‚   Local nobility compete for control while the rest of the populace starved, and banditry thrived.  Ã‚   The religious shrines and public buildings were dilapidated, and worn out from neglect.   From this one day, however, and from one such ruin, issued a declaration from a man who stirred hope in people’s breast.   Ã‚   Cola di Rienzo, who in the course of time would ambitiously set himself up as a virtual dictator in the city, at that moment declared the restitution of the Roman Republic, to the cheers of an excited throng.  Ã‚   The restless crowd seemed far disconnected from the reality of a Holy Roman Empire, independent Italian city-states, Norman and Spanish sovereignty in the south, or the hundred more kingdoms and treaties that kept Italy divided and the Republic from becoming reality, but no one cared.   A brief, tragic drama began to unfold, taking hold of the city and its dreamer alike.  Ã‚   For a few months, the Roman Republic seemed to breathe life and its Dictator Rienzo came close to uniting Italy.  Ã‚   The smaller city-states and principalities all sent their delegations and intentions to forming a loose federation with Rome.  Ã‚   And the Dictator put ambitious reforms and decrees, which championed the cause of the people.   His pride, however, got the better of him, and he soon alienated the senators and the Church.  Ã‚   The senators amassed armies against him, and the Pope called to the people to reject him.  Ã‚   Having lost all his allies, he fled the city, wandering Italy to find people to rally for his cause.   Ã‚  Dejected, beaten, his spirit finally broken, he surrendered to the Pope in Avignon, and was allowed to return to Rome where the people could not long stomach his disillusionment and killed him as a traitor[1].    This brief Roman Revolution was an early experiment of that age to attempt the reconstitution of an age that seemed lost in time.  Ã‚   The people of the Renaissance, from the artisan to the poet, was fascinated with ancient Greek traditions and culture and created works of art that mimicked Classic styles.  Ã‚   Ancient texts were gathered from the libraries where it was copied and preserved, and crude attempts at translation were made to introduce these historical artifacts to the world.  Ã‚   Most of the entire Renaissance was electrified at the thought of the old â€Å"heroic† Roman Republic, and the Caesars and Ciceros that once walked the Forum.    In due course, this paper would seek to identify the sources of the ideology behind the Italian Renaissance’s fascination with the ancient Greco-Roman, and how it seemed to suit their needs.  Ã‚   The paper will then explain the various attempts to reconstitute the past in the present, and how close they were in succeeding.    The thought of a restored Rome was not unique to Renaissance thought.  Ã‚   Even as the western portion of the empire collapsed under the pressure of barbarian migrations, the eastern emperor Justinian drafted ambitious plans of gaining back the lost lands of Gaul, Italy, Spain and Africa. This having failed, the Frankish kings, and later the German emperors, stylized themselves as Caesars that had legitimacy given to them by the authority of the Pope and the acquiescence of the eastern emperor.   Italian dreams of Rome, however, had political and cultural context.   They loathed the plain ugliness of Gothic and barbarian architecture, and largely preserved the Roman tradition and culture.   They lamented Italian as a bastardized form of Latin, and deplored Dante’s use of the former as the vernacular. Italian writers, at the beginning of the Renaissance, began to collect ancient texts from faraway libraries[2].  Ã‚   Petrarch, the Father of the Renaissance, was the first of the writers to amass Greek and Latin texts, and encouraged a fellow writer, Boccaccio, to pore into Greek research.   Unique also in the Renaissance, was the way the ancient texts were interpreted. In the medieval ages, the various ancient works of art were interpreted in Christian context.  Ã‚   Pagan ideals and traditions were explained with a Christian theme. Thus, a Hercules-like figure would be used to represent Christ.  Ã‚   The Renaissance began to separate the contemporary Christian thought from the ancient texts, and began to appreciate the latter in their historical context. They read into classical texts their appropriate classical meaning; they did not allegorize Latin writings as one to justify medieval Christian Europe, but in the context of ancient Rome[3].   The thought of a united Italy was sometimes reconciled with the restoration of the ancient Greco-Roman tradition.   Ã‚  Rienzo certainly thought of this when he donned the garb of the old senatorial toga and declared the return of the Roman Republic. Petrarch saw it when he asked King Charles IV of Bohemia to unite all of Italy [4] , and many might have seen it when the son Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia, began a long campaign to win back much of the lost cities of the Papal States.    For all the dreams and ideals of the Renaissance Italians, a Roman Republic could not be reconstituted from 14 th to 15 th century Europe.  Ã‚   The Holy Roman Empire, primarily, would not stand for a united Italy outside of their control or power, as they would, and have claimed, Italy as an integral part of the empire. Neither, however, can the Holy Roman emperors be able to unite Italy, as they become too embroiled in disputes with the Pope, who has nominal sway over the Italian city-states.  Ã‚   And the Popes, for all their universal spiritual authority, would not be able to wrest control of all of Italy from powerful independent Italian city-states, the Normans and the Spanish, the Germans and the French, and even the Greeks until their collapse in the latter half of the 15 th century.   The Italian Renaissance sought to reintroduce ancient Greco-Roman thought into the mainstream, envisioning a past that was nobly glorious.  Ã‚   Several hundred years brings distance and unreality to history, even when taken from historical context.   The Italian city-states of the Renaissance was freer in practice with its people than the ancient Roman Republic, which countless times brought down reformer tribunes, and curbed attempts to relieve the proletariat in keeping the wealthy in their state.  Ã‚   The ancient Roman Empire was less free as the centuries passed, and its economy was in nightmarish shambles, a thought that the Renaissance Italians might have shuddered at.   In the end, the Renaissance Italians might have fallen in the same way their medieval counterparts have: to see the ancient culture in their contemporary values.   Certainly the Renaissance wanted to detach itself from the â€Å"barbarism† and disunity, which seemed to plague Europe, but the reforms of a Rienzo would have shocked the ancient Roman aristocracy, and Byzantine intrigue would be far closer to Roman court morals than the Renaissance Italian sensibilities.   A final word must be said of the Renaissance dream: in the 16 th century, one man came closest to uniting Italy and much of Christendom under a loose â€Å"Roman empire†.  Ã‚   Politics and religion, in the end, got in the way, and Charles V of the Hapsburg dynasty and his successors would find himself humbled by an alliance of French, Turks, Protestants and even the Pope[5]. Durant, Will. The Renaissance . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953. Durant, Will, Caesar and Christ . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935. Rice, Eugene Jr., The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559 . New York: W.W. Norton and Company,1971. Krailsheimer, A.J., The Continental Renaissance: 1500-1600 . Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1970. [1] Durant, Will, The Renaissance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953) 16-21. [2] Durant, Will, The Renaissance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953) 67-69. [3] Rice, Eugene Jr., The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559 (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1970) 72-76. [4] Durant, Will, The Renaissance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953) 46. [5] Krailsheimer, A.J.,   The Continental Renaissance: 1500-1600 (Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1971) 93-98. A Roman Revolution. (2017, Apr 01).

Regulation in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Regulation in the United States - Essay Example With regulations, business people can conduct transactions without damaging the environment and people’s health. Regulations ensure that the products produced are of top quality and user-friendly (Vogel and David 146). In essence, were it not for regulations, control of some disease and illicit business behaviors would have been very challenging. Government regulations have enhanced steady growth of infant industries and business enterprises in the United States. For instance, government control on foreign trade aid in preventing excessive importation of products from other countries in order to secure local market for the infant industries. In addition, regulations assist in shielding small business from unhealthy competition and misuse by already established enterprises. For instance, the United States patents and trademarks office shields business innovations and particular products from infringement by opponents. Essentially, regulations form a reliable benchmark for smaller business to expand without unhealthy interruptions. Government regulations are sometimes tailored to raise revenue required to run government programs and projects. For instance, revenue raised through taxation and fines paid by people and businesses that fail to comply with the established regulations, is used for development programs. Generally, regulations play a key role in bringing developments close to the poor citizens. Business enterprises incur huge expenses to remain in compliance with the government regulations (Vogel and David 265). In addition, companies are forced to change methods of operation in order to comply with new and the existing regulations. The additional expenses that companies incur in fulfilling the requirements outlined in government regulations is passed to the consumer through increased prices. Consequently, the cost of living rises, making it difficult for poor people to survive. Some regulations such as tariff barriers and increased quota system

Choose an entrepreneur and answer this to what extend do risk ,rewards Essay

Choose an entrepreneur and answer this to what extend do risk ,rewards and motives contribute towards an entrepreneurs goals - Essay Example Entrepreneurship exists in various forms. It may involve developing new ways of doing things and distributing products, starting a new business, as sources of information, and market middlemen. An entrepreneur is characterized by his search for opportunities that are unseen or ignored by others and taking risks on them in order to get a profit reward (Carsrud & Bra?Nnback, 2009: p35). With all the three factors seeming to play a role, the question is then raised as to the extent to which risk, reward, and motives contribute towards an entrepreneurs goals. This question was put to successful entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson. According to Branson, â€Å"The financial risks and rewards of being an entrepreneur have significant meaning in an entrepreneur’s motivation to open a business† (Personal Communication, 2013). There are several reasons for this, including the fact that over 50% of new start-ups fail in their initial four years (Roth, 2010: p67). Entrepreneurs, on av erage, he contends, will achieve less success over ten years in terms of income than they would have if they would have been employed. In addition, there does not seem to be any proof that entrepreneurs get better rewards if they start a business as compared to invest in stocks with the most likely result being that, from a risk perspective, they do not as much as they would have in the stocks market. However, Branson further says, even with these statistics, it is imperative to note that entrepreneurs account for 66% of British millionaires, despite making up only 20% of the entire labor force, while 80% of the millionaire entrepreneurs are â€Å"self-made†. From these statistics, it is possible to argue that the high risk in financial terms, coupled to the potentially high rewards, enhance the importance of intrinsic motives to an entrepreneur (Roth, 2010: p67). These intrinsic motives include purpose for entrepreneurship, for example, the ability to better the world, the f reedom, and autonomy that entrepreneurship will give an individual, and the reward of overcoming challenges and becoming a master. Branson says that, it is possible to think of the results of a hypothetical proposition, to show the enhanced role of motives over risk and reward. In order to gauge the tolerance to risk of entrepreneurs, three options are given to potential entrepreneurs. â€Å"They can earn a $10 million profit with the chance of success placed at 20%, $5 million of profit and a 50% chance they will be successful, and q $1 million profit for an 80% chance at success†, Branson posits (Personal Communication, 2013). While there is a general perception that entrepreneurs are all profit and risk seeking business people and that they would go for the first option, it is indicative that it is most likely that they will go for the 3rd choice (Casson & Buckley, 2010: p29). Entrepreneurs seek to go into business with the option of getting a higher profit but less of it. Therefore, for successful entrepreneurs like Sir Richard, reward is not as important to entrepreneurs in starting a new business. The creation of a new enterprise carries a lot of risk and uncertainty, which indicates that the entrepreneur’s motives carry more importance than financial rewards. For example, Richard contends that entrepreneurs

The Causes of World War III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Causes of World War III - Essay Example For instance, the wake of World War I and World War II showed possibility of World War III. The use and testing of nuclear weapons and the commencement of Cold War as well as its development was enough evidence that there could be a possible World War III. This war was planned after anticipation by the civil authorities and military who explored in fiction in various countries. There were ranging concepts of destruction of the planet and even use of atomic weapons. Other leaders such as Podhoretz Norman has suggested that Cold War could be associated with World War III since it was fought on a global scale with United States, NATO, Warsaw Pact, and Soviet Union countries who provided military, political and economic support. However, World War III is today a popular culture and those who could start it forms perennial topics of discussion. Authors have talked about possible causes of the World War III while others have strongly disagreed and criticized. This paper therefore seeks to discuss why Wright Mills thought there could be World War III and the reason why under, military industrial complex that created elite in the United States trying to take power over, Ted Goertzel does not agree with Mill on his concept of the causes of the Third World War. According to Wright Mills, there were dire warnings on the imminence of the Third World War in the 1950s. As the world faces the nuclear weapons introduction, other critical authors as well as Wright Mills have exaggerated the weaknesses of the social civilian forces and the military power in the American society as the major anticipated causes of World War III. Since thirty years after Wright Mills published his book on the causes of the Third World War, there has been assertion of the mass society and the non nuclear conflicts which have remained the primary threats to the peace of the world. Wright Mills thinks in his book that the Third World War may be cause by the likely hood of militarism, arms race, nuclea r war, and the industrial military complex. Peace movements have however made attempts to calm the fears of emergence of World War III. Wright Mills goes ahead to warn that in the history of our instantaneous epoch, there is a likely hood of World War III emerging in the world. Mills believed in the imminence of nuclear catastrophe. In addition, other nuclear pacifists have also predicted occurrence of disaster for quite a long time. There were predictions of short time remaining just before a nuclear night comes to surface. According to Wright Mills, the explosion of the Soviet Union bomb is a likely indication that World War III may take place. He also thinks that the power elites of the Soviet Union and the United states back in the 1950s were thrusting relentlessly and mindlessly drifting towards war. He also developed the analysis’ implications on the survival of the planet and asserting that the power elite of the United States and their counterparts in Kremlin led the media manipulated and indifferent masses down the Armageddon through the primrose path (Ted, 1989). According Wright Mills, the industrial military complex increasingly dominated American life and should be seen in the indicators of the economy. The intervals of military that buildup in the last thirty years such as the Reagan and the Vietnam War years were exceptional and likely to suggest the emergence of the Third World War. Mill says that these two exceptional wars were as a result of political civilian forces. These were associated with ideological and political reasons and not at the military urging. The overwhelming pressure by the public against the military increasing spending may

Film review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film review - Essay Example He found suicide to be the only way to get away from the troubles of life. But the twist which has been noted in the film is that Kim surviving from suicide. He is washed away to an island where he finds himself alone. He tries to go back to the normal life but he found himself to be stuck on the island. With the passage of some time, he finds himself comfortable on the island because he was away from debt collectors. It should be noted that the island could be viewed from the town tall skyscrapers. Jung-Yeon, a young lady who has been staying at her flat for about a very long time liked to take photos. She finds Kim when she took close photo shots of the moon. It comes to understanding of Jung Yeon that she has found herself an alien on the island (Hae-Joon). Since the genre of the film is adventure, the story has been set up in outdoor locations mostly. As a matter of fact, the director has created an easy transition of story from city life to the deserted island. The audience watching the movie will actually relate themselves with the situation of being deserted at an island. The film provides an interesting feel to the audiences because the story merely depicts people who are running from communicating with people. That is also visible through the context Kim and Yeon characters. Yeon was not leaving her flat which allowed her to get away with the communication process of people directly and Kim found island to be better than being in the town where he had the chance of skipping payments and burdens he could not tolerate (Hae-Joon). The usage of cinematography has been well managed in the film which makes it quite different from other films of similar plot line. The deserted island becomes a new land for Yeon who thought that she had witnessed aliens. The film provides both fictional and non-fictional feel to the plot making audiences of all ages watch and like it. There has been a lot of buzz in the media about this film because it provided a different

Week 1 response & week 2 response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 1 response & week 2 response - Essay Example Analyzing the scene it can be observed that the director has made use of a very attractive setting. The behavior and expression of the character reflects a confident personality. In addition, the costume of the character is well dressed and classy that depicts the character as the focus of the film. The direction of the camera is overlapped with the various angles to give dramatic backdrop to the action of the character. The camera revolves around the character starting with a stylish way the character carries his cigarette and answers the question to the interviewer in an upright manner. The background of the scene is manipulated with the props were smoke of a cigarette. I believe that the filmmaker has focused more on the character and his style to make him an attractive and desirable character. All the camera techniques and focused on the character, whereas the background of the setting is dull and less attractive than the clothing of the character. The techniques that the filmmaker has used for developing the scene allow the audience to get a closer look of the character. He makes use of tampopo examples to elaborate the colors of the character’s dressing in order to enhance his personality. The film in week 2 was Safe (1995), a horror film about a woman living alone suffering from a disease. The main character of the film revolves around a lady named Carol. In film making, the costume, light and makeup makes the character to be realistic and portray a real life character. I believe that the character Carol of the film Safe (1995) lights, makeup, costumes and setting gives a perfect touch to the character (Bordwell & Thompson, 2010, p. 113). The setting of a film set and soft makeup of the character can reflect character’s emotional state of mind. The color of the costume is brighter than the neutral colors in the background setting that makes the character appear soft while attractive. However, the costume of Carol is strong, and her body is

Goal Setting Framework Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goal Setting Framework - Term Paper Example Due to the rising cost of distribution, Los Angeles Tribune will use any of the following strategies to achieve its set goal; distribute jointly with other producers to the consumers, use digital distribution channel, increase the number of middlemen companies to assist in distributing its products or create new subsidiaries in different cities and towns to reduce the distribution cost. Of all these strategies, the organization shall use digital distribution as one of the most appropriate strategies. Therefore, the organization will distribute most of its newspapers through online system. This tactic will ensure that customers subscribe for their newspapers for them to get access to the papers. Various activities need to be carried out in order to reduce the cost of distribution such as; proper education of the customers on how they will get the online papers without any constrain and advertising to the public to create awareness of the new move in the organization so that they are n ot surprised with the new organizations move (Barton, 2001). This is planned to reduce the cost of distribution by 10% in every month. This measure Barton of success will show the progress of the goal set to reduce the cost of distribution so that the profit realized may increase. The other goal is to increase circulation revenue. The Los Angeles Tribune is making strategies such as to increase the newspaper supply, increase the advertisement efforts or to reduce the prices to attract more customers. With the investigation, the organization has realized that the circulation revenue goes down due to an increase in the prices of its newspaper. Therefore, one of the tactics that the organization will use is to reduce the price of its papers so that it regains its market share in the next two months. This will be done through reducing other costs, which will result in a cut, in prices. As a measure of success, 5% price cut in